Dual-scale drivers of soil biodiversity in agroecosystems: Field management outweighs landscape effects, but both matter

Gao et al., 2026

1. Soil communities in agricultural fields are shaped by both farm management and surrounding landscape structure. However, their relative contribution and potential interactions remain unclear. Understanding these relationships is essential for conserving soil biodiversity, which underpins key ecosystem functions and services.
2. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a field soil sampling campaign across 87 farms in the Netherlands to assess how field-scale management and landscape structure in combination determine multiple soil communities, including bacteria, fungi, protists and invertebrates, in agroecosystems.
3. Landscape structure significantly influenced the diversity and composition of soil organisms in addition to the strong influence of field-scale management. In particular, the compositional landscape heterogeneity played a stronger role than configurational heterogeneity in shaping soil community composition. Importantly, the influence of landscape structure on soil diversity was independent of land use intensity at the field scale, with the exception of soil invertebrates.
4. Synthesis and applications. These findings highlight the need for conservation strategies that integrate both field-scale and landscape-scale planning. The promotion of diverse land use types might offer a practical pathway to maximize the effectiveness of soil biodiversity conservation within an intensively managed agricultural matrix.

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.70295

 

Holobiont:

a biological system consisting of an organism (e.g., an animal, a plant) and the community of microorganisms that live in close association with it.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1471492226000073

Increasing applied pesticide toxicity trends counteract the global reduction target to safeguard biodiversity

Wolfram et al., 2026

The 15th united Nations biodiversity Conference (COP15) obligates all countries to reduce pesticide risks by 50% by 2030. In this study, we derived the trends of total applied toxicity (TaT) globally between 2013 and 2019, weighting applied masses by ecotoxicity, of 625 pesticides for eight species groups to assess pathways toward this reduction goal. We found that the TaT of most species groups has increased; that only20 ± 14 pesticides per group define >90% of the TaT nationally; that fruits, vegetables, maize, soybean, rice, and other cereals contribute 76 to 83% of the global TaT; and that China, brazil, the united States, and India contribute 53 to 68% of the global TaT. Our target achievement categorization shows that substantial actions, combining shifts to less-toxic pesticides, increased adoption of organic agriculture, and also provision of national pesticide use data, will be required globally to approach the united Nations’ target.

https://www.science.org/doi/epdf/10.1126/science.aea8602

Los árboles son santuarios. Quien sabe hablar con ellos, quien sabe escucharlos, puede aprender la verdad. No predican doctrinas ni preceptos; predican, sin dejarse perturbar por lo particular, la antigua ley de la vida.

Hesse, H. (1920). Árboles.

 Rhizophagy Cycle Explained by Dr. James White

A bacterial nutrition strategy for plant disease control

Wang et al., 2025

Xanthomonas spp. cause serious diseases in more than 400 plant species. The conserved AvrBs2 family effectors are among the most important virulence factors in xanthomonads, but how AvrBs2 promotes infection remains elusive. We found that AvrBs2 is a glycerophosphodiesterase-derived synthetase that catalyzes uridine 5′-diphosphate-α-d-galactose into a sugar phosphodiester, bis-(1,6)-cyclic dimeric α-d-galactose-phosphate, which is referred to as xanthosan. Xanthosan is synthesized by AvrBs2 in host cells and released into apoplastic spaces. Xanthomonas bacteria uptake xanthosan through the XanT transporter and hydrolyze it through the XanP phosphodiesterase for nutrition. AvrBs2, XanT, and XanP form a xanthosan “generation-uptake-utilization” system to provide a dedicated nutritional strategy to feed xanthomonads. Furthermore, elucidation of the AvrBs2-XanT-XanP virulence mechanism inspired us to develop an “anti-nutrition” strategy that should be applicable to control a wide variety of Xanthomonas diseases.

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady8325

Keystone Pseudomonas species in the wheat phyllosphere microbiome mitigate Fusarium head blight by altering host pH

Xu et al., 2025

Phyllosphere microbiota play crucial roles in supporting host performance. However, the dynamic changes of phyllosphere-associated microbiome during pathogen infections and their impacts on plant health remain unknown. Here, we found phyllosphere microbes can mitigate wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB), a severe disease caused by Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) pathogen that promotes infection by inducing host alkalinization. Using wheat head microbial community profiling and metatranscriptomics, we found Pseudomonas spp. significantly enriched on infected wheat heads. Through isolating 595 bacterial strains from infected wheat heads—including 196 Pseudomonas isolates—we identified certain enriched Pseudomonas isolates capable of producing organic acids that counteract pathogen-induced pH upshift. In vitro experiments confirm the selective promotion of specific host-acidifying Pseudomonas in wheat heads. Field trials confirmed that host-acidifying Pseudomonas strains effectively controlled FHB. These findings highlight the pivotal role of plant-beneficial microbes in host pH regulation and offer innovative avenues for sustainable plant disease control.

https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/fulltext/S1931-3128%2825%2900450-0

Plant-plant nitrogen transfer is prevalent in a semi-arid shrubland and affects the foliar N content of recipient plants

González-Díaz & Montesinos-Navarro

In dry ecosystems, plants cope with limited nutrients such as nitrogen (N), which is vital for growth. While nitrogen sharing between plants is known in agriculture, it is less understood in natural, semi-arid environments.

We studied nitrogen transfer between plants in a semi-arid shrubland in Spain and how this affects the nutrition of the neighbours. Using a stable isotope of nitrogen (¹⁵N), we labelled donor plants and tracked its movement to nearby plants over more than a year.

Nitrogen transfer was widespread: over 70% of neighbouring plants received nitrogen, most within a week of labelling. N transfer started in less than a week, and reached the maximum values approximately 60 days after labelling, getting back to pre-labelling values after 120 days. Repeated pulses increased both the transfer magnitude and the leaf nitrogen content of receiver plants. These results show that nitrogen exchange among plants is common in semi-arid shrublands and may help species coexist and thrive in nutrient-poor environments.

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.70241

Rhizobium tropici Metabolites Induce Defence-Related Genes and Promote Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum Stem Rot Control in Chickpeas

de Sousa et al., 2025

Brazil has seen a steady increase in domestic chickpea production, and the crop is expected to gain growing importance across the country. However, solutions for effective pest and disease management remain limited. Many soil-borne phytopathogens that affect other crops can also infect chickpeas, increasing disease incidence due to higher initial inoculum levels. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of concentrated metabolites produced by Rhizobium tropici (CM-RT) on resistance induction and control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in chickpeas. Different CM-RT application methods were tested and disease incidence was assessed. Additionally, the relative expression of several defence-related genes was analyzed in CM-RT treated plants. Our results show that root application of CM-RT significantly reduced disease incidence and was statistically equivalent to the commercial elicitor based on acibenzolar-S-methyl. Gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of key defence genes involved in jasmonic acid, ethylene, and oxidative stress pathways, suggesting a priming effect. These findings suggest that CM-RT can serve as an effective and eco-friendly alternative for disease control by resistance induction in chickpeas.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sae2.70103